A 2018 GIScience paper by Niloofar Aflaki, Shaun Russell and Kristin Stock examined the difficulties of creating annotated geospatial natural-language descriptions. In 2019 Stock and collaborators presented "He Tatai Whenua", work on automated extraction of landscape terms and meanings in New Zealand Māori. These projects predated the current large-language-model boom and treated language as data that needed careful annotation, interpretation and computational representation. Coordinates returned from natural-language queries required validation against the intended places.
Sources · 1
Sources and further reading · 1
Indexed passages
- Natural language returnsGIS and AI in 2025